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Pediatric Trauma

  1. American College of Surgeons Committee on Trauma, American College of Emergency Physicians, National Association of EMS Physicians, Pediatric Equipment Guidelines Committee— Emergency Medical Services for Children (EMSC) Partnership for Children Stakeholder Group and American Academy of Pediatrics Baby Center. Your Baby’s Developmental Milestones. Milestone chart: 1 to 6 months and Milestone chart: 7 to 12 months. http://www. babycenter.com/baby-milestones. Accessed April 1, 2016.

  2. American College of Surgeons Committee on Trauma, American College of Emergency Physicians Pediatric Emergency Medicine Committee, National Association of EMS

  3. Physicians and American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Pediatric Emergency Medicine. Withholding Termination of Resuscitation in Pediatric Out of Hospital Traumatic Cardiopulmonary Arrest. Pediatrics 2014;133:e1104–e1116.

  4. Berg MD, Schexnayder SM, Chameides L, et al. 2010 American Heart Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science. Part 13: Pediatric Basic Life Support. 2010 American Heart Association Guidelines for Cardio- pulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care.

  5. Bratton SL, Chestnut RM, Ghajar J, et al. Guidelines for the management of severe traumatic brain injury. II. Hyperosmolar therapy. J Neurotrauma 2007; 24(Suppl 1):S14–20.

  6. Brain Trauma Foundation; American Asso- ciation of Neurological Surgeons; Congress of Neurological Surgeons; Joint Section on Neurotrauma and Critical Care, AANS/CNS. Pediatrics 2009; 124(1): e166–e171.

  7. Brain Trauma Foundation. Guidelines for the Acute Medical Management of Severe Traumatic Brain Injury in Infants, Children, and Adolescents—Second Edition. Pediatr Crit Med 2012;13:S1–82.

  8. Capizzani AR, Drognonowski R, Ehrlich PF. Assessment of termination of trauma resuscitation guidelines: are children small adults? J Pediatr Surg 2010;45:903–907.1.

  9. Carcillo JA. Intravenous fluid choices in critically ill children. Current Opinions in Critical Care 2014;20:396–401.

  10. Carney NA, Chestnut R, Kochanek PM, et al. Guidelines for the acute medical management of severe traumatic brain injury in infants, children, and adolescents. J Trauma 2003;54:S235–S310.

  11. Chesnut RM, Marshall LF, Klauber MR, et al. The role of secondary brain injury in determining outcome from severe head injury. J Trauma 1993;43:216–222.

  12. Chidester SJ, Williams N, Wang W, et al. A pediatric massive transfusion protocol. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2012;73(5):1273–1277.

  13. Chwals WJ, Robinson AV, Sivit CJ, et al. Computed tomography before transfer to a level I pediatric trauma center risks duplication with associated radiation exposure. J Pediatr Surg 2008;43:2268–2272.

  14. Clements RS, Steel AG, Bates AT, et al. Cuffed endotracheal tube use in paediatric prehospital intubation: challenging the doctrine? Emerg Med J 2007;24(1):57–58. 

  15. Cloutier DR, Baird TB, Gormley P, et al. Pediatric splenic injuries with a contrast blush: successful nonoperative management without angiography and embolization. J Pediatr Surg 2004;39(6):969–971.

  16. Cook SH, Fielding JR, Phillips JD. Repeat abdominal computed tomography scans after pediatric blunt abdominal trauma: missed injuries, extra costs, and unnecessary radiation exposure. J Pediatr Surg 2010;45:2019–2024.

  17. Cooper A, Barlow B, DiScala C, et al. Mortality and truncal injury: the pediatric perspective. J Pediatr Surg 1994;29:33.

  18. Cooper A, Barlow B, DiScala C. Vital signs and trauma mortality: the pediatric perspective. Pediatr Emerg Care 2000;16:66.

  19. Corbett SW, Andrews HG, Baker EM, et al. ED evaluation of the pediatric trauma patient by ultrasonography. Am J Emerg Med 2000;18(3):244–249.

  20. Davies DA, Ein SH, Pearl R, et al. What is the significance of contrast “blush” in pediatric blunt splenic trauma? J Pediatr Surg 2010;45: 916–920.

  21. Dehmer JJ, Adamson WT. Massive transfusion and blood product use in the pediatric trauma patient. Semin Pediatr Surg 2010;19(4):286–291.

  22. DiScala C, Sage R, Li G, et al. Child maltreatment and unintentional injuries. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2000;154:16–22.

  23. Dressler AM, Finck CM, Carroll CL, et al. Use of a massive transfusion protocol with hemostatic resuscitation for severe intraoperative bleeding in a child. J Pediatr Surg 2010;45(7):1530–1533.

  24. Emery KH, McAneney CM, Racadio JM, et al. Absent peritoneal fluid on screening trauma ultrasonography in children: a prospective comparison with computed tomography. J Pediatr Surg 2001;36(4):565–569.

  25. Estroff JM, Foglia RP, Fuchs JR. A comparison of accidental and nonaccidental trauma: it is worse than you think. J Emerg Med 2015;48:274–270.

  26. Fastle RK, Roback MG. Pediatric rapid sequence intubation: incidence of reflex bradycardia and effects of pretreatment with atropine. Pediatr Emerg Care 2004; 20(10): 651–655.

  27. Global Burden of Diseases Pediatric Collaboration. Global and National Burden of Diseases and Injuries Among Children and Adolescents Between 1990 and 2013, Findings from the Global Burden of Disease 2013 Study. JAMA Pediatrics 2014;170:263–283.

  28. Hannan E, Meaker P, Fawell L, et al. Predicting inpatient mortality for pediatric blunt trauma patients: a better alternative. J Pediatr Surg 2000; 35:155–159.

  29. Haricharan RN, Griffin RL, Barnhart DC, et al.Injury patterns among obese children involved in motor vehicle collisions. J Pediatr Surg 2009;44:1218–1222.

  30. Harris BH, Schwaitzberg SD, Seman TM, et al. The hidden morbidity of pediatric trauma. J Pediatr Surg 1989;24:103–106.

  31. Harvey A, Towner E, Peden M, et al. Injury prevention and the attainment of child and adolescent health. Bull World Health Organ 2009;87(5):390–394.

  32. Hendrickson JE, Shaz BH, Pereira G, et al. Coagulopathy is prevalent and associated with adverse outcomes in transfused pediatric trauma patients. J Pediatr 2012;160(2): 204–209.

  33. Hendrickson JE, Shaz BH, Pereira G, et al. Implementation of a pediatric trauma massive transfusion protocol: one institution’s expe- rience. Transfusion 2012;52(6):1228–1236.

  34. Herzenberg JE, Hensinger RN, Dedrick DE, et al. Emergency transport and positioning of young children who have an injury of the cervical spine. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1989;71:15–22.

  35. Holmes JF, Brant WE, Bond WF, et al. Emergency department ultrasonography in the evaluation of hypotensive and normotensive children with blunt abdominal trauma. J Pediatr Surg 2001;36(7):968–973.

  36. Holmes JF, Gladman A, Chang CH. Performance of abdominal ultrasonography in pediatric blunt trauma patients: a meta-analysis. J Pediatr Surg 2007;42:1588–1594.14.

  37. Holmes J, Lillis K, Monroe D, et al. Identifying children at very low risk of intra-abdominal injuries undergoing acute intervention. Acad Emerg Med 2011;18:S161.

  38. Holmes JF, London KL, Brant WE, et al. Isolated intraperitoneal fluid on abdominal computed tomography in children with blunt trauma. Acad Emerg Med 2000;7(4):335–341.

  39. Kassam-Adams N, Marsac ML, Hildenbrand A, et al. Posttraumatic stress following pediatric injury; Update on diagnosis, risk factors, and intervention. JAMA Peds 2013;167:1158–1165.

  40. Kharbanda AB, Flood A, Blumberg K, et al. Analysis of radiation exposure among pediatric patients at national trauma centers. J Trauma 2013;74: 907–911.

  41. Kuppermann N, Holmes JF, Dayan PS, et al., for the Pediatric Emergency Care Applied Research Network (PECARN): Identification of children at very low risk of clinically important brain injuries after head trauma: a prospective cohort study. Lancet 2009;374:1160–1170.

  42. Leonard JC, Kuppermann N, Olsen C, et al., for the Pediatric Emergency Care Applied Research Network. Factors associated with cervical spine injury in children following blunt trauma. Ann Emerg Med 2011;58:145–155.

  43. Lutz N, Nance ML, Kallan MJ, et al. Incidence and clinical significance of abdominal wall bruising in restrained children involved in motor vehicle crashes. J Pediatr Surg 2004;39(6): 972–975.

  44. McAuliffe G, Bissonnette B, Boutin C. Should the routine use of atropine before succinylcholine in children be reconsidered? Can J Anaesth 1995;42(8):724–729.

  45. McVay MR, Kokoska ER, Jackson RJ, et al. Throwing out the “grade” book: management of isolated spleen and liver injury based on hemodynamic status. J Pediatr Surg 2008;43: 1072–1076.

  46. Murphy JT, Jaiswal K, Sabella J, et al. Prehospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation in the pediatric trauma patient. J Pediatr Surg 2010 Jul;45(7):1413–1419.

  47. National Safety Council. Injury Facts. Itasca, IL: National Safety Council; 2016.

  48. Neal MD, Sippey M, Gaines BA, et al. Presence of pneumomediastinum after blunt trauma in children: what does it really mean? J Pediatr Surg 2009;44(7):1322–1327.

  49. Neff NP, Cannon JW, Morrison JJ, et al. Clearly defining pediatric mass transfusion: cutting through the fog and friction using combat data. 2014;78:21–28.

  50. Paddock HN, Tepas JJ, Ramenofsky ML. Management of blunt pediatric hepatic and splenic injury: similar process, different outcome. Am Surg 2004;70:1068–1072.

  51. Palusci VJ, Covington TM: Child maltreatment deaths in the U.S. National Child Death Review Case Reporting System. Child Abuse & Neglect 2014;38:25–36.

  52. Paris C, Brindamour M, Ouimet A, et al. Predictive indicators for bowel injury in pediatric patients who present with a positive seat belt sign after motor vehicle collision. J Pediatr Surg 2010;45:921–924.

  53. Patel JC, Tepas JJ. The efficacy of focused abdominal sonography for trauma (FAST) as a screening tool in the assessment of injured children. J Pediatr Surg 1999;34:44–47.

  54. Patregnani JT, Borgman MA, Maegele M, et al. Coagulopathy and shock on admission is associated with mortality for children with traumatic injuries at combat support hospitals. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2012;13(3):1–5.

  55. Pershad J, Gilmore B. Serial bedside emergency ultrasound in a case of pediatric blunt abdominal trauma with severe abdominal pain. Pediatr Emerg Care 2000;16(5):375–376.

  56. Pieretti-Vanmarcke R, Vehmahos GC, Nance ML, et al. Clinical clearance of the cervical spine in blunt trauma patients younger than 3 years: a multi-center study of the American Association for the Surgery of Trauma. J Trauma 2009;67:543–550.

  57. Pigula FA, Wald SL, Shackford SR, et al. The effect of hypotension and hypoxia on children with severe head injuries. J Pediatr Surg 1993;28:310–316.

  58. Pressley J, Barlow B, Durkin M, et al. A national program for injury prevention in children and adolescents: the Injury Free Coalition for Kids. J Urban Health 2005;82:389–402.

  59. Puntnam-Hornstein E: Report of maltreatment as a risk factor for injury death: a prospective birth cohort. Child Maltreatment 2011;16:163–174.

  60. Rana AR, Drogonowski R, Breckner G, et al. Traumatic cervical spine injuries: characteristics of missed injuries. J Pediatr Surg 2009;44: 151–155.

  61. Retzlaff T, Hirsch W, Till H, et al. Is sonography reliable for the diagnosis of pediatric blunt abdominal trauma? J Pediatr Surg 2010;45(5):912–915.

  62. Rice HE, Frush DP, Farmer D, et al., APSA Education Committee. Review of radiation risks from computed tomography: essentials for the pediatric surgeon. J Pediatr Surg 2007;42:603–607.

  63. Rogers CG, Knight V, MacUra KJ. High-grade renal injuries in children—is conservative management possible? Urology 2004;64: 574–579.

  64. Rothrock SG, Pagane J. Pediatric rapid sequence intubation incidence of reflex bradycardia and effects of pretreatment with atropine. Pediatr Emerg Care 2005;21(9):637–638.

  65. Sasser SM, Hunt RC, Faul M, et al. Guidelines for field triage of injured patients: recommenda- tions of the National Expert Panel on Field Triage. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2012;61(RR-1): 1–21.

  66. Scaife ER, Rollins MD, Barnhart D, et al. The role of focused abdominal sonography for trauma (FAST) in pediatric trauma evaluation. J Ped Surg 2013;48:1377–1383.

  67. Schwaitzberg SD, Bergman KS, Harris BW. A pediatric trauma model of continuous hemorrhage. J Pediatr Surg 1988;23:605–609. 

  68. Soudack M, Epelman M, Maor R, et al. Experience with focused abdominal sonography for trauma (FAST) in 313 pediatric patients. J Clin Ultrasound 2004;32(2):53–61.

  69. Soundappan SV, Holland AJ, Cass DT, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of surgeon-performed focused abdominal sonography (FAST) in blunt paediatric trauma. Injury 2005;36(8): 970–975.

  70. Stylianos S. Compliance with evidence-based guidelines in children with isolated spleen or liver injury: a prospective study. J Pediatr Surg 2002;37:453–456.

  71. Tepas JJ, DiScala C, Ramenofsky ML, et al. Mortality and head injury: the pediatric perspective. J Pediatr Surg 1990;25:92–96.

  72. Tepas JJ, Ramenofsky ML, Mollitt DL, et al. The Pediatric Trauma Score as a predictor of injury severity: an objective assessment. J Trauma 1988;28:425–429.

  73. Tollefsen WW, Chapman J, Frakes M, et al. Endotracheal tube cuff pressures in pediatric patients intubated before aeromedical transport. Pediatr Emerg Care 2010 May;26(5):361–363.

  74. Tourtier JP, Auroy Y, Borne M, et al. Focused assessment with sonography in trauma as a triage tool. J Pediatr Surg 2010;45(4):849; author reply 849.

  75. Van der Sluis CK, Kingma J, Eisma WH, et al. Pediatric polytrauma: short-term and long-term outcomes. J Trauma 1997;43(3):501–506.

  76. Weiss M, Dullenkopf A, Fischer JE, et al., European Paediatric Endotracheal Intubation Study Group. Prospective randomized controlled multi-centre trial of cuffed or uncuffed endotracheal tubes in small children. Br J Anaesth 2009;103(6):867–873.

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